Linux Training Terms
Apache- A open source HTTP server for Unix, Windows NT, and other platforms. Apache was developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in the most popular HTTP server of the time, NCSA httpd 1.3. It has since evolved to rival (and probably surpass) almost any other Unix based HTTP server in terms of functionality, and speed.
BIND- An implementation of a DNS server developed and distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. Many Internet hosts run BIND, and it is the ancestor of many commercial implementations
Cron-The Unix clock daemon that executes commands at specified dates and times according to instructions in a “crontab” file.
DNS- Domain Name System.
DMZ- (From the military term for an area between two opponents where fighting is prevented) DMZ Ethernets connect networks and computers controlled by different bodies. They may be external or internal. External DMZ Ethernets link regional networks with routers to internal networks. Internal DMZ Ethernets link local nodes with routers to the regional networks.
Ext2-Second extended filesystem. It is the native filesystem used by Linux. It offers a high throughput, long file names, permissions and error tolerance.
FTP- A client-server protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to and from another computer over a TCP/IP network. Also the client program the user executes to transfer files
Firewall- A dedicated gateway machine with special security precautions on it, used to service outside network, especially Internet, connections and dial-in lines. The idea is to protect a cluster of more loosely administered machines hidden behind it from crackers. The typical firewall is an inexpensive microprocessor-based Unix machine with no critical data, with modems and public network ports on it, but just one carefully watched connection back to the rest of the cluster.
FrontPage-Microsoft's webpage creation toolkit. This package gives the novice and experienced designer several tools not found in other similar packages.
Gateway- A deprecated term for a device that enables data to flow between different networks (forming an internet). Preferred terms are “protocol converter” (connects networks that use different protocols), “router” (connects two broadcast networks at layer 3 (network layer). Another example is a mail gateway, which is a layer 7 (application layer) gateway. 2. <hypertext> An interface between an information source and a World-Wide Web server. Common Gateway Interface is a standard for such interfaces. The information source can be any system that can be accessed by a program running on the web server. A typical example is a relational database.
HTML- A hypertext document format used on the World-Wide Web. HTML is built on top of SGML. “Tags” are embedded in the text. A tag consists of a “<”, a “directive” (case insensitive), zero or more parameters and a “>”. Matched pairs of directives, like “<TITLE>” and “</TITLE>” are used to delimit text which is to appear in a special place or style.
HTTP- (HTTP) The client-server TCP/IP protocol used on the World-Wide Web for the exchange of HTML documents. It conventionally uses port 80.
LILO-Versatile Boot Manager. It can launch an operating system in the following ways: by loading the boot sector of a partition and starting an operating system from this partition. By loading the Linux kernel and starting Linux, this cannot be done by most other boot managers.
Linux-Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU (General Public License), The source code for Linux is freely available to everyone.
LoneTar-Back up software
LPD-TCP/IP command. It is usually invoked at boot time from rc2 file. It makes single pass through the printer configuration file to find out about existing printers and prints any files left after a crash.
NAT- Network Address Translator, Virtual LAN. A hardware device currently being developed and used to extend the Internet addresses already in use. It allows duplicate IP addresses to be used within a corporation and unique addresses outside.
NFS-A protocol to access file systems of networked machines as if they were on its local disks.
NIS- Network Information Service. Protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a network. Sun licenses the technology to virtually all other Unix vendors.
POP- A family of programming languages, POP-1, POP-2, POP-10, Pop-11, POP++, POP-9X, POPLOG IMAP. A protocol designed to allow single user computers to retrieve electronic mail from a POP server. The POP server might be a computer with a permanent Internet connection whereas its clients might only connect to it occasionally, e.g. by modem.
Radius-An acronym for Remote Access Dial In User Service; also for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service and Remote Authorization Dial-In User Service.
The only of the three options that has a defined standard protocol is Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service. It is most frequently used by various ISPs for user authentication and accounting.
ReiserFS-a filesystem for the next generation; although this filesystem is still very new, it is already used on a number of internal systems.
Route-The sequence of hosts, routers, bridges, gateways and other devices that network traffic takes from its source to its destination. Also, a possible path from a given host to another host or destination. You can find the route from your computer to another using the program traceroute on Unix.
Relay-Intermediate hop as mail travels from mail server to mail server.
Sendmail- The BSD Unix Message Transfer Agent supporting mail transport via TCP/IP using SMTP. Sendmail is normally invoked in the background via a Mail User Agent such as the mail command. Sendmail was written by Eric Allman at the University of California at Berkeley during the late 1970s. He now has his own company, Sendmail Inc. Sendmail was one of the first programs to route messages between networks and today is still the dominant e-mail transfer software.
SMTP- A protocol defined in STD 10, RFC 821, used to transfer electronic mail between computers, usually over Ethernet. It is a server to server protocol, so other protocols are used to access the messages. The SMTP dialog usually happens in the background under the control of the message transport system, e.g. sendmail but it is possible to interact with an SMTP server using telnet to connect to the normal SMTP port, 25. E.g.
SPAM- (From the Monty Python “Spam” song) To post irrelevant or inappropriate messages to one or more newsgroups or mailing lists in deliberate or accidental violation of netiquette. It is possible to spam a newsgroup with one well- (or ill-) planned message.
Subnet- A portion of a network, which may be a physically independent network segment, which shares a network address with other portions of the network and is distinguished by a subnet number. A subnet is to a network what a network is to an internet.
SNMP- The Internet standard protocol, developed to manage nodes on an IP network. SNMP is not limited to TCP/IP. It can be used to manage and monitor all sorts of equipment including computers,
Tar- “Tape ARchive, Unix’s general purpose archive utility and the file format it uses. Tar was originally intended for use with magnetic tape but, though it has several related to tape, it is now used more often for packaging files together on other media, e.g. for distribution via the Internet.
TCP- is built on top of Internet Protocol (IP) and is nearly always seen in the combination TCP/IP (TCP over IP). It adds reliable communication, flow-control, multiplexing and connection-oriented communication. It provides full-duplex, process-to-process connections.
TCP/IP-The de facto standard Ethernet protocols incorporated into 4.2BSD Unix. TCP/IP was developed by DARPA for internetworking and encompasses both network layer and transport layer protocols.The most common transport layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet.
Telnet- The Internet standard protocol for remote login. Runs on top of TCP/IP. Defined in STD 8, RFC 854 and extended with options by many other RFCs. Unix BSD networking software includes a program, telnet, which uses the protocol and acts as a terminal emulator for the remote login session. Sometimes abbreviated to TN. TOPS-10 had a similar program called IMPCOM.
UDP-Internet standard network layer, transport layer and session layer rotocols which provide simple but unreliable datagram services. UDP is defined in STD 6, RFC 768. It adds a checksum and additional process-to-process addressing information [to what?].
Virtual Web-A web in addition to the primary web in an Apache web server configuration.
Webmin-Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any browser that supports tables and forms (and Java for the File Manager module), you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and so on.
YAST-Yet Another Setup Tool (SuSE Linux)
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